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In this podcast, I’m joined by Poppy GT who discusses the various treatments available for those suffering with depression. Should someone opt to have psychotherapy as opposed to being prescribed antidepressants, or could a combination of both be the most effective form of treatment?

In this second podcast of the series, I describe the initial three-month journey from embryo to foetus, in a period known as the first trimester. I'll examine the significant developments that occur, not only in terms of overall length, but in the physical structures and features that begin to take shape. 

Human embryonic development is the development and formation of the human embryo. It is characterised by the processes of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, the development of the body entails growth from a single-celled zygote to an adult human being. This is the first in a series of podcasts examining the fascinating subject of human embryogenesis; in this podcast, I describe the processes of fertilisation and implantation.   

Any person, at any stage of their life, can experience an eating disorder. Of people with eating disorders in the UK, around 10% have Anorexia nervosa compared to 40% with Bulimia nervosa; binge eating disorder along with several other conditions make up the remaining 50%. Anorexia is a serious mental health condition which significantly impacts a person's life - physically, emotionally and socially; it is in fact a potentially life threatening eating disorder. However, with the right treatment, recovery is possible. The earlier it is identified, the greater the opportunity for recovery or improved quality of life.

Head lice, or Pediculosis capitis, is a common condition caused by infestation of the scalp with head lice. While some people can have lice infestations with no symptoms, for most, the tell-tale sign is itching. Itching can affect the scalp, neck, and ears, and is caused by an allergic reaction to the louse saliva, which is injected under the skin as the louse feeds. Detecting lice is simple - it’s done by examining the scalp to check for the sesame-seed-sized insects in motion. A female louse lives about 30 days, during which she can lay hundreds of eggs. The eggs are called nits and they hatch after eight days. Combing the hair with a very fine-toothed metal comb can confirm the problem and also help remove lice and nits.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognised to be an autoimmune disease that causes preclinical systemic abnormalities and eventually leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture. Our understanding of this chronic inflammatory disease has evolved considerably during the past decade. Introduction of novel therapeutic strategies has had a major impact not only on how we treat affected patients but also on how we conceptualise the disease process itself.

Vasectomy is a safe, effective, and permanent method of birth control for men. It is also the most cost-effective form of birth control, costing half as much as a tubal ligation (having a woman's "tubes tied"). A successful vasectomy will last for life, but if circumstances change, the procedure can be reversed. In this podcast, I'll discuss how the initial procedure is carried out and exactly how the surgery can be undone, as such. I'll also examine the reasons for infertility even after a vasectomy reversal. 

Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your skin become blocked by hair, sebum (an oily substance), bacteria and dead skin cells. Those blockages produce blackheads, whiteheads, nodules and other types of pimples. Acne is the most common skin condition that people experience; it's estimated that 80% of people between the ages of 11 to 30 will have at least a mild form of acne at some point in their lives.

Microbial genes have been found to perform a variety of functions including coding for enzymes to hydrolyse food we can't digest, coding for proteins that form essential nutrients, making vitamins we can’t produce and even helping to release energy from our diet. In addition to playing a vital role in metabolism, our microbiome stimulates the immune system and regulates the mood. Some species release compounds that reduce inflammation, whilst others specifically inhibit pathogen growth. Moreover, they increase the host’s barrier function by increasing the thickness of their mucus layer, inducing antimicrobial molecules, and regulating antibody secretion. (With thanks to U6 Biologist Chloe P for conducting the research and providing content for this podcast)

2020 proved to us all that health is unpredictable. The pandemic, not only catalysed a global crisis as services were strained and lives were lost, but also forever altered the way we practice medicine. We saw a 50% drop in A&E visits, whilst more importantly a great proportion of appointments were moved online. This shows the great adaptability and resilience of our healthcare system, which will see doctors adapt the way they practice medicine in 2031 to overcome future challenges. In this podcast, Year 12 biologist Ellie MH discusses how exactly this might look.

Autism is lifelong developmental disorder with no known cures. A significant amount of research has been conducted into the causes of autism and research is increasing into the treatment of autism. Given that research has indicated there appears to be functional and structural differences in the brains of individuals with autism as well as the fact the main symptoms of autism are displayed behaviourally; drug therapy and behaviour interventions, such as ABA have been cited as the two main recognised and proven treatments. It is important to state that treatment for autism is not a one size fits all approach. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)

Culling is defined as the killing of animals in order to reduce population numbers. Culls can happen for various reasons, including health and disease control and prevention, or to protect other species. However, the ethics make the subject a strongly polarising one, and while culling in some cases may be necessary, it can be unclear when culling should take place, as there can be unforeseen consequences, both ecologically and economically. (With thanks to U6 Biologist Alice W for conducting the research and providing content for this podcast)

There's no doubt that Gregor Mendel is one of the great biologists of our time. His findings on inheritance led to multiple new fields of research, most notably genetics, in which breakthroughs have revolutionised biology and medicine. His work helped to create the modern understanding of how evolution and selection works, and his mathematical methods of analysis inspired a new approach to experiments, involving models and statistics. In this podcast, I'll explain the significance of his work, how he went about his initial research, and why the 'father of genetics' really is one of the greats. (With thanks to U6 Biologist Alice W for conducting the research and providing the content for this podcast)

Sometimes, scientists can take advantage of real-world incidents to help us understand the function of particular parts of the brain. Psychologists can carry out case studies on people who have experienced bran injuries. They are not interested so much in the actual injury, but what that injury can tell us about the normal functions of the brain. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)

There will always be elements of near death experiences (NDE's) that are difficult to explain scientifically. This is partly because researchers are entirely dependent on the reports people provide of their individual experience, which means the data is received second-hand and there is no way of verifying that the report given is accurate. Some researchers have tried to address this by artificially simulating NDEs in laboratories, using drugs. Even here though, the researchers are still not able to directly experience the NDE for the participant. However, by using a mixture of different methods which explore real-life experiences as well as laboratory-induced ones, it becomes possible to triangulate these findings in order to increase our understanding. Nonetheless, it is unlikely that research will give us a full understanding of NDEs and, even if it did, it is unlikely that everyone would accept these insights; whatever causes NDEs, the effect of having one seems to be highly profound, meaning people are likely to formulate their own explanations of what they experienced in order to draw meaning from their own vivid experience. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)

Are ‘ordinary’ people capable of carrying out wicked and immoral acts against other individuals, if the context suggests that is what is expected of them? These are the questions that Philip Zimbardo was trying to answer in his infamous study, 50 years ago. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)

Just one week before I recorded this podcast, the FDA, the Food and Drug Administration authorised e-cigarette products for use in the US for the first time ever, claiming that...'the benefit to adults trying to quit smoking outweighs the risk to young'. Vaping is often seen as the 'safer' alternative but research suggests that this is simply not the case; in fact, inhalation of vapour is leading to irreversible lung damage, malignant transformation (cancers) and increasing the risk of CHD and other neurological conditions in those who vape. In this podcast, I'll explore these 'hidden dangers', and consider what options we have for protecting society - given the relentless advertising targeting young adults, and the sale of unregulated vaping devices, is this even possible?

How keen is your sense of smell? Well, according to new research published in Frontiers in Psychology, people who witnessed a crime are able to identify criminals by their smell. Police line-ups normally rely on sight, but nose-witnesses can be just as reliable as eye-witnesses. It's not quite time to replace the sniffer dogs, however; the 2010 America Vs Wade case highlights the significance of human scent evidence from canine trails and its importance to forensic investigations. In fact, understanding the pattern of change of the chemicals that make up the scent during the process of decomposition could be of huge benefit to forensic science. Not only could it help determining the time of death of a victim, it could also lead to more scientifically rigorous training of cadaver dogs. All of these ideas are explored further in this fascinating podcast about Forensic Odorology and the Science of smells. 

Forensics labs are frequently asked to examine documents to determine if they have been altered or forged. An altered document is an original, valid document that has been changed in some way. For example, one common type of altered document is a cheque in which the numbers have been changed to increase the amount drawn. A forged document is one that is created from scratch to masquerade as a valid document, or a valid document to which a page or pages has been added to alter the meaning or intent of the original document. Forensic document examiners use several methods to determine the validity of a questioned document. The first step is always to examine the document with the naked eye and under low magnification. A surprisingly large percentage of forgeries are so crudely done that the forgery is obvious even on cursory examination. If the document passes this first “sniff test,” forensic document examiners have many other tools available.

COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the term given to a group of diseases which affect the lungs. These include emphysema and chronic bronchitis. They are inflammatory diseases and will obstruct air flow to and from the lungs. There is no cure for COPD as it causes permanent lung damage. Treatment can slow down the progression of the condition. However, people with COPD are also at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and other chronic illnesses. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for providing content for this podcast)